BIOCHEMESTRY QUESTIONS
1. The difference between an Endergonic reaction and an Extergonic reaction is that an Endergonic reaction is positive and it is were energy is absorbed. An Exergonic reaction is were the change is negative.
2. Na+ is 2 protons, 8 electrons, 3 valence electrons
3. A Covalent bond is when the nuclei of two atoms are strongly attracted to electrons and share those electrons. An Ionic bond is an attraction between two ions that ends up forming a salt. A Hydrogen bond is when hydrogen atoms in a polar compound are attracted to ions or other polar compounds. The strongest would be Hydrogen because the strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The weakest would be Ionic bonds which just form salt.
4. The 4 types of organic macromolecules are:
Polysaccaharides, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Polypeptides
Polysaccaharides are starches and sugars collectively called carbohydrates. Lipids are fatty acids, Nucleic Acids are nucleotides and last Polypeptides are amino acids.
5. Glycosidic bonds link together sugar molecules.
6. Eight types of nucleotides are that each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate.
7. The reason that phospholipds for micelles in water are because phosopholipids ar fatty acids that create barriers in water.
8. Saturated Fats have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated Fats have one ore more double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
9.
10. The three differences between DNA and RNA are the following: Sugar is in the backbone of both DNA and RNA but DNA has Deoxyribose and RNA has Ribose. Another difference is that RNA contains Uracil and not Thymine, last RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded.
11. The five nitrogenous bases that form eight nucleotides are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine.
12. 0
\
P --- 0
/
0 --- 0
13. The characteristics of reactive groups are what cause regions of the proteins to attract and repel one another this in turn is what causes the protein to fold into its final shape.
14. Primary Structure: a linear acid sequence
Secondary Structure: folding into helics and beta sheets
Teritiary Structure: folding into final 3D shape but does not always apply to all
proteins.
Quaternary Structure: folding into final 3D shape but does NOT always apply to all
proteins.
15. The cause of the structural shape of receptors to change is because the receptors communicate the information by causing the conformational change that transmits a signal cascade.
16. There would be no chemical reactions that would bring molecules together.
17. The result would be that it would catalyze the reaction over and over.
18. Enzymes are highly specific for their substrate because they substrate binds to the enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex.Receptors are highly specific for their ligands because they cause the receptor to undergo conformational change.
19. Proteases break down proteins and are enzymes that conduct proteolysis, proteases also work best in acidic conditions.
