Assignment Two: Diseases Associated with Obesity

Diseases Associated with Obesity

Type Two Diabetes

The disease of Type Two Diabetes is the most common form of Diabetes and can occur at any age but mostly in people who are overweight or over middle age. Type Two Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and so the body is resistant to the insulin that is produced. Insulin is the hormone that helps your body use blood sugar and acts as a key which opens up cells to accept all the glucose that is required for a person to function. A person with Type Two Diabetes does not have the same sensitivity as a person without the disease and in turn the insulin receptors do not work in the same manner. High blood glucose levels can lead to many different diseases such as heart attack, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. Daily physical activity and a healthy diet will decrease the chances of the complications that come with diabetes as well as the daily intake of medication prescribed by a doctor.

Hypertension

When a person has hypertension their blood pressure is consistently high even when a person is at rest. Blood pressure is essential for blood to move through our bodies bringing needed oxygen to our organs and muscles and carrying away carbon dioxide and waste. Blood travels a quite a long distance starting at the heart and that distance is 60,000 miles long, so 80 times a minute blood is pumped into and out of the heart muscle flowing into arteries branching out from the heart and then into smaller arteries called arterials. Blood makes its trip throughout the body and then into veins and soon after returns to the heart. A person pumps about 2,000 gallons a day throughout the body. If your heart pumps extra hard to move the blood through the body, this can take a horrible toll on the arteries. Normally arteries are rubbery but if the arteries stretch they develop groves on the inner walls of microscopic scar tissue which in turn develop diseases that could further damage the body.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the conditions were the build up of waxy plaque builds on the inside of blood vessels, and hardens the arteries. What usually occurs is that the inner layer of the artery wall thickens, secondly the artery's diameter is reduced in size causing the blood flow and oxygen delivery to decrease. This in turn can cause the sudden formation of a blood clot. Atherosclerosis can cause a heart attack if it is completely blocked and the blood cannot flow freely. The plaque that forms is made of fatty substances, cholesterol, and the waste products from cells, calcium as well as fibrin. The causes of this condition are usually aging, high blood pressure or diabetes.

Stroke

The condition of a stroke is when there is a sudden death of brain cells due to the inadequate flow of blood. Without blood flow the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the brain quickly begin to die. The cause of a stroke may cause paralysis, a coma, or sudden death. Having a stroke is extremely serious and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Men have a much greater chance than women do at experiencing a stroke and about two thirds of people over the age of 65 experience strokes. Taking care of your body with good nutrition and proper exercise can decrease the chances of a stroke by keeping the heart healthy.

Heart Attack

A Heart Attack is the death of the heart muscle which is due to the loss of blood supply due to the blockage of an artery. In this case the blocked artery would be the coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart. One of the major symptoms of a heart attack is the instability of the muscle tissue of the heart which in turn causes extreme chest pain. Heart attack deaths are often caused by the patient being unable to reach the hospital on time and only approximately 90-95% of victims of a heart attack survive even after reaching the hospital. One way to treat a heart attack is to administer drugs soon after that dissolve the blood clots and open up an obstructed artery. Patients who have experienced a heart attack are usually hospitalized for several days and are under the close supervision of a physician.

Assignment Two: Enzymes Animation Questions

Enzyme Animation Questions

1. Enzymes are

a)lipids

b)proteins

c)carbohydrates

d)nucleic acids

e) steroids

answer: b)proteins

2. Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

a)water

b)product

c)substrate

d)any other enzyme

e)none of the above

answer: c)substrate

3. Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?

a)S+P -> E-P ->E + P

b)E+P -> E-P->E-S-> E + S

c)E+P -> E-S -> E-P ->E + P

d)E+S -> E-S ->E-P -> E + P

e)E+S -> E-P ->E-S -> E+ S

answer: D

4. An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.

a)True

b)False

answer: b)False

5. An enzyme speeds up a chemical rection in the cell, but can only be used once.

a)True

b)False

answer: b)False

Assignment Two: Nutrition & Cells Practice Questions

Nutrition & Cells Practice Questions

1. There are many differences between vitamins and minerals. First off vitamins are defined as small organic molecules and most vitamins are co-enzymes. Vitamins are water-soluble as well as fat-soluble. The water soluble vitamins include all B and C vitamins and tend to seep out of boiled vegetables as well as excreted through urine. The fat soluble vitamins are stored in fat and are not as easily released from the body and can be extremely toxic in high concentrations. All the fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A,D.E and K. Minerals are not organic like vitamins but are actually small in-organic molecules that also happen to be simple ions. Minerals are water-soluble and unlike vitamins do not happen to be fat-soluble.

2. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that are left over from natural metabolic processes or simply come from the eviornment. Free radicals can cause damage to a human beings DNA that can eventually lead to cancer. The body can protect itself from free radicals by the consumption of antioxidants which can intercept and neutralize the radicals.

3. Essential Amino Acids are acids that can be consumed from food intake and most animal meat or animal protein which contains all of the essential amino acids needed for nutrition. Essential fatty acids are acids that cannot be synthesized by cells and belong to two families: Omega-3 and Omega-6. Essential fatty acids are involved mostly just in biological processes and not in energy storage.

4. Hydrogenation is when unsaturated fats plus hydrogen gas with addes pressure equals out to saturated fats. Hydrogenation affects the chemical structure of fats by causing trans-fats to form an unnatural conformation which is synthesized via hydrogenation itself, this in turn creates a clogging of the arteries and raises bad cholesterol.

5. Bacteria when used with a cap;ital 'B' refers to a domain name, thus Bacteria with a lower case 'b' refers to a term used with "Prokaryotes".

6. The organelles that are found in all cells are as follows:

The Plasama membrane, Nucleus(Chromatin-DNA, Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope), Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus, Centrioles, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton, Vesicles, Peroxisomes, Lysomes and small Vacuoles.

7. A concentration gradient is the action of diffusion that includes passive and active transport.The role that it plays in Osmosis is that it diffuses water through the action of active transport which is the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentrations. Active transport also requires energy or ATP. Facillitates diffusion is also know as "Passive transport" and brings a net movement of molecules from high concentration to lower concentration until they reach equilibrium.

8. Cellular respiration occurs in Prokaryotes across the plasma membrane and in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

9. The components found in both Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells that have different structural characteristics are the following:

Plasma Membrane: which in Eukaryotic cells have internal organells composed of lipid bilayer membranes.

Cytoplasm: which consists mostly of water and is fluid that fills the cells and surrounds the organelles.

DNA: DNA in prokaryotic cells happens to be linear or cirular in shape and is contained in the nuclear region. DNA in Eukaryotic cells is much longer and coils around the histone proteins. The DNA is always linear in shape and is contained in the nucleus, DNA in the eukaryotic cell is also known as chromatin when it is "relaxed" and as chromosomes when it is supercoiled.

Ribosomes: float freely in the cytoplasm of both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

10. Proteins, Ribosomes and lipids are all manufactured in the Cytoplasm.

11. The three types of Endocytosis are as follows:

1. Phagocytosis: which has a plasma membrane, a phagosome(which is also
knows as a food vacuole) as well as a solid particle.

2. Pinocytosis: which has extracellular fluid, a vesicle and cytoplasm.

3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: which has a receptor, a coated pit, a
protein and coated vesicle.

12. Three cellular components that contain microtubules are:

13. The endosymbiotic theory is the theory in which mitochondria and chloroplasts are the results of years of evoution that is initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria which instead of becoming digested became symbiotic.

14. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have in common that they both contain their own DNA and ribosomes. The ways in which they differ are that Mitochondria breaks down glucose using oxygen to produce energy for a cell, this process is also called: cellular respiration. Chloroplasts use light energy to convert atoms into water as well as CO2 into sugars and starches. Chloroplasts also have a double membrane and conatin Grana, Stroma and Chlorophyll.

15. The difference between lysomes and peroxisomes are that lysomes contain digestive enzymes and fuse with vacuoles that conatain food. Lysomes also cell refuse and capture bacteria. Peroxisomes are found in animal cells, and plant cells. In animal cells they are full of enzymes that oxidize amino acids. In plant cells they are full of enzymes that oxidize fat. In both the animal and plant cells they convert hydrogen peroxide into water.

16. Bacterial DNA differs from Eukaryotic DNA by


17. The two prokaryotic cell components that help bacteria cling to surfaces are the slime layer and the fimbria.